Resources
Definitions, comparisons and analyses on product authentication — written to be cited.
The cost of counterfeiting: what the data says
OECD/EUIPO data puts global trade in counterfeit and pirated goods at USD 467 billion in 2021 — about 2.3% of world imports. Where the losses land and how manufacturers can recover them.
By TrustMarx Team · Published on June 23, 2026
QR codes vs. PUF-based labels for anti-counterfeiting
QR codes carry data that can be copied perfectly, so they cannot prove authenticity on their own. A side-by-side comparison of QR-only schemes and PUF + cryptography labels.
By TrustMarx Team · Published on June 9, 2026
What is cryptographic product authentication?
Cryptographic product authentication gives every physical product a digitally signed identity that cannot be forged without the signing key — which never leaves a hardware security module.
By TrustMarx Team · Published on May 26, 2026
What is a PUF (physically unclonable function)?
A PUF is a physical structure whose microscopic details arise from manufacturing randomness, making it impossible to copy — even by its own manufacturer. Here is how PUFs anchor product authentication.
By TrustMarx Team · Published on May 12, 2026